Artículo extraído de Red Voltaire: http://www.voltairenet.org/article120005.html
Encargados de instruir el caso del accidente del avión militar secreto que se estrelló en 1973 en la ciudad de Maghera así como el atentado del coche bomba en la ciudad de Peteano (Italia), los jueces venecianos Felice Casson y Carlo Mastelloni recopilan testimonios y documentos que les permitirá de demostrar convincentemente que un gobierno secreto controló Italia desde la sombra y al margen de las instituciones oficiales.
Mientras que los jueces convocaban en su oficina a diferentes dirigentes políticos del país, el presidente del Concejo italiano de esa entonces, Giulio Andreotti, publicly launched on 27 October 1990, "a bomb", an official statement which authenticate the existence of such a superstructure: the Gladio.
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- Left: Felice Casson one of the Italian judges in charge of investigating the case Gladio. Right: Giulio Andreotti current president of the Italian parliament. Witnesses testified that mobsters repentant kissed the hand of the Italian Mafia capo when he was president of the Italian government. Accused and persecuted for justice will never be condemned for lack of evidence. Pictured participating in a conference of the Interparliamentary Union. © Photo Agency IPI.
"After the Second World War, the fear of Soviet expansionism and the inferiority of NATO forces in relation to Cominform (Warsaw Pact) led to the nations of Western Europe to devise new forms of unconventional defense, creating a hidden network territories Resistance meant to act in case of enemy occupation. Their mission: to gather, commit acts of sabotage, propaganda and acts of guerrilla [...] In light of the recent significant events that have transformed Eastern Europe, [fall of the Berlin Wall Editor's note.] the government has to reconsider all the tax provisions unorthodox war, to promote and verify any initiative own, both on the political than technical-military, current validity and usefulness of these systems of protection over the national territory. "
thunderous revelations of Giulio Andreotti gave reason for people to take the unfortunate question: throughout the Cold War, Western democracies were manipulated by the special services of the Atlantic Alliance, to the extent that democracy itself has not been more than a farce, lure, simulation and deception?
To answer this question, parliamentary investigation commissions were created in Italy [1 ], Switzerland [2 ] and Belgium [3 ]. The result of these investigations [4 ] was so sad and pitiful that some countries or states such as France, preferring to sink into denial.
The existence of these stay-behind networks of espionage and interference was therefore an open secret. In 1952, the German press had revealed the activities of a group of extreme right Bundesdeutscherjungend, whose militants were armed by the secret services of the Atlantic Alliance (NATO). Its mission was to prepare the assassination of key leaders of the left in case of a Soviet invasion. NATO thought to counteract the establishment of a government "puppet" imposed by the Red Army.
stay-behind network was mentioned in 1976 in the report of the parliamentary inquiry U.S. on the CIA headed by Senator Frank Church [5 ]. More precise information was given to public knowledge in 1978 by the former head of the stay-behind and former director of the CIA, William Colby, in his autobiography [6 ]. Many details have been published in 1982 by Colonel Alfred H. Paddok [ 7], former commander of the 4th. Psychological Task. In the same year 1982, the head of the Office of Special Investigations [ 8], John Loftus revealed the conditions of recruitment the stay-behind from Nazi agents. The journalist and historian Gianni Flamini described his actions in Italy in his monumental work [9 ] (1981 to 1984). Finally, the redefinition of the actions of the stay-behind was officially discussed at a symposium organized in 1988 by the United States National Strategy Information Center (National Clearinghouse for U.S. Strategic) [10 ]. Despite the extensive literature and documentation of this movement, all of this information is cut and gives a distorted picture of the system. Documents of the U.S. State Department later declassified and published have completed the respective reports making it known that a general mechanism of interference in the democratic life of the allied countries. The spy network was much more widespread than previously thought, even the stay-behind was not the only ones to participate.
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- William Colby (1920-1996). Director of the CIA died in mysterious ways when fishing in his boat after he retired from the CIA. © Copyright DR
Tracing the history of creation and formation of the most secret of secret services not only provides a retrospective interest, but also allow you to discover the hidden side of Western policy since 1947. The spy service, whose existence has been recognized only to affirm that belonged to the past, would not still be active?
Although it was considered that it had never existed, this spy network was officially dissolved three times: first in 1952, later in 1973 and finally in 1990.
What if the intelligence service is still active, secretly manipulating public institutions to the interests and goals of a hidden power? So the Western democracies are no more than a lure that promotes and nurtures the power of "some great lords »...?
The creation of the stay-behind
To answer these questions, is necessary to investigate history. In the last months of World War II, the U.S. espionage service, the X2 section of the OSS (Office of Strategic Services) was responsible for locating Nazi agents dispersed after the withdrawal of the Wehrmacht (German army). The "stay-behind 'are left behind if we translate literally from English, behind enemy lines was generally commands spies and saboteurs. Instead of arresting them and shoot them, James Jesus Angleton, head of X2 and Gen. William J. Donovan of the OSS director, decided to retrieve them and enroll them in as much as possible and / or the maximum that could, to reuse these agents Nazis or fascists in the next World War, those who oppose the "free world" to the "communist threat" [11 ]. Would have to act quickly, before resistance movements identify these stay-behind "and removed.
This operation began in Italy with the return of the head of the death squads (Decima Mas). Prince Valerio Borghese was one of the first to reveal the names of its agents to save them. This operation was carried in all the territories previously occupied by the Third Reich. Thus, the French stay-behind were identified and recruited when they operated the return of René Bousquet, secretary general of the collaborationist French police with Hitller. When the Axis capitulates, the transaction was widespread in Germany, making it possible to "recover" General Reinhard Gehlen, former head of the German military secret service on the Eastern front. After ten months of "treatment" in the U.S. led by Frank G. Wisner, Gehlen was pardoned and was entrusted with a new mission, the creation and direction of the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), the German secret service of the Federal [12 ].
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- Left: The Nazi Reinhard Gehlen 1902-1979 head of the intelligence services of Hitler in the Soviet front. His ferocity was legendary, torturing prisoners to obtain information. Right: The Nazi Reinhard Gehlen in his old age. Always had the support of the U.S.
The operation was planned by Allan Dulles, head of the OSS station in Bern, Switzerland. Dulles enjoyed experience in office and by his relations had been developing informal contacts since 1942 with the two trends of the Nazi party. His aim was now at the end of the war, to conclude a separate peace and seek an alliance against communism [ 13]. Nazi agents, who met oustachis fascists and public functions during the war could no longer be used again by the state governments of Europe, simply because of his criminal past. All these people fascist was sent and placed in Latin America, where they could be reused again. Infiltration was carried out with the help of the Holy See, who shared his logic [anti ndlr.] Work done under the responsibility of Monsignor Giovanni Battista Montini, the future pope under the name Paul VI [ 14].
In France, the selection of German agents was carried out in the yard of the boarding-Morancez Coudray, seminary priest Franz Stock [15 ].
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- The priest Franz Stock photo and stamp, helped recruit Nazi spy networks. A process of beatification has been started in Rome. © Photo Rights DR.
In 1946, President Harry S. Truman is devoted to the restructuring of the economy and the institutions of U.S. war Taking into account the difficulties that his country found during World War II, Truman decided to give U.S. an industry of war and secret service permanent. This decision can be considered as legitimate when it was shown that improvisation was the country during the war. This decision takes into account the enormous difficulty of converting the great war machine in a peacetime economy. Truman had to resist intense political pressure coming from everywhere, to ratify their decision.
According to the recommendations of Gen. William J. Donovan, director of OSS, the new Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) would begin to replace partially and gradually the services of the Navy, Army and Secretary of State. Its role is not summed up in collecting information, but should be able to perform abroad, thus violating the sovereignty of States.
If Truman agreed with the first according to the CIA, he was not the second. Officially, the National Security Act was validated by Congress in 1947, perpetuated in peacetime military device generally includes a foreign spy agency, the CIA is devoid of any competence to carry out "special operations."
Gehlen Organization in Germany and the stay-behind network in Europe would not have taken out a justification for their continued existence. In this way had to be dismantled.
However, on the occasion of the debates on the conditions of occupation of defeated Germany, the conference of foreign ministers in Moscow demonstrated that it was almost impossible for other countries, not taking a position, thus forcing to geopolitically located in the USA-USSR conflict.
The first country to choose their "field" was France. He chose the field of Anglo-American. It was the beginning of an undeclared war without conventional military operations, the famous "Cold War". Reversing
illegally and against what was decided in the U.S. Congress, Harry S. Truman secretly is a new service to conduct military operations in peacetime. The Gehlen Organization and the stay-behind network are going to provide the basis and foundation of this new secret organization.
The only legal basis for special operations is the National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects (NSC 10 / 2) of June 18, 1948. This document classified "top secret" was publicly released only 50 years later [16 ]. The directive stipulated that network operations should be planned and conducted under the authority of an administrative bureau attached to the CIA and only in times of war and in coordination with the Army.
The chief of this bureau would be appointed by the Secretary of State, acknowledged in turn by the CIA director and reappointed by the National Safety Council. Initially, this bureau had a complete autonomy and was not subject to the CIA, so that might benefit from a legal funding. In case of disagreement between the Bureau and the director of the CIA, or disagreement between the Secretary of State or Secretary of Defense, the dispute should be resolved solely by the National Safety Council.
each respective authority should appoint a liaison officer recognized by the Bureau, transmitting them to the person all information necessary to preserve the secrecy and existence. Competition Bureau was defined as: "All activities conducted or supported by the Government [U.S.] against States [countries] or hostile groups or the support of states [countries] Friends or groups should be planned and executed so that the responsibility of any government [current and subsequent U.S.] may appear to outsiders and unauthorized, and if they are discovered, the Government United States can irrefutably deny all responsibility. Indeed, such operations are involved in secret activities in relation to the propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, with the destruction and infiltration, subversion States [ countries] hostile, which includes assistance to the resistance movement, the guerrillas and local liberation groups in exile, to support local anti-communist elements who are in countries threatened the free world. These operations do not take into account the armed conflict conducted by recognized military forces, the U.S. intelligence and counterintelligence, and deception coverage carried by military operations. "
The internal organization of the network has been defined in a secret memo, written by the principal director of the Bureau and the attention of the director of the CIA [ 17]. Is divided into five functional groups:
Truman and his team, the new war is not conventional and not the United States opposed the Soviet Union, is a political, economic, psychological and faces the West to Communism. U.S. interests become the defense of the values \u200b\u200bof its "founding fathers" [ 18], giving not a religious dimension, but mystical to the Cold War. All media should be mobilized and applied for recognition in the Western U.S. area, thereby identifying the "free world" and preparing to sacrifice for him.
The stay-behind was and is a weapon with a target clear in this crusade. The term "stay-behind" was used by British intelligence services to designate their agents who were left behind enemy lines in the war front. Whose mission was to organize local resistance, receiving support and supplies thanks to planes parachuted material, weapons, communication devices and transmission for such purposes. During the Cold War, the idea of \u200b\u200ba Soviet occupation of Western Europe was instrumental in developing this logistics operation. The idea was also recruit a similar network but at Atlantic, with the help of anti accustomed to action secret. A part of the Nazi agents who were enrolled and sent by the OSS, Caramel Offi continued to recruit staff in the right-wing media to support the U.S. structure. With regard to the faction ultramontane [ 19] of the Catholics, the Anglo-American conducted a comprehensive agreement with the Holy See through the Cardinal Francis Spellman. Development
stay behind stay behind if the only purpose had been to prepare the resistance in case of enemy occupation, each country would have been able to acquire such a structure on their own initiative and under its authority. But as it was felt that the communists (or supporters, people from left) were already in part on the ideological and political place in Western Europe, it was essential that stay behind to escape the authority of governments, governments that the 'enemy' could take by election at any time thanks to the votes democratic.
With this reasoning, tripartite agreements were signed between the U.S., the UK and each of its allies, authorizing Washington to act on their territories without their knowledge, without your permission and consent, so could defend Communist infiltration, even shaped by legal means.
In 1949, the first agreements were incorporated into a multilateral system which were part Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, France and the UK. All this was managed by a committee called Western Union Clandestine (the CCUO). When it signed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), this system was open to new countries, even later to countries geographically outside the NATO area. The CCUO became the Clandestine Planning Committee (CPC Clandestine Planning Committee) later in 1958 changed its name to the Allied Committee on Coordination (ACC Allied Coordination Committee).
The legal basis for this device is supplied by the secret protocols Atlantic Treaty (NATO), although not integrated in the Organization of NATO. So when France withdrew from NATO because they wanted the famous General Charles De Gaulle (retirement is 1966 to 1995), this does not mean his retirement from the secret device. Supervision of CCUO-CPC-ACC was assured by the Anglo-Americans, divided the spheres of influence: the British controlled Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg and the Iberian peninsula, the rest Americans. The committee "was turning" from each member country. According to the general
Oswald Le Winter, a former officer of Gladio within the CIA, admitted that the protocols Additional North Atlantic Treaty stipulated that the states [countries] shall renounce to pursue justice in the activities and attacks that its members perform. These members were those who composed the fascist right-wing groups used the services of the organization.
These documents have been signed by Robert Schuman on behalf of France, when he was president of the Council.
In the United States, the Secret Service at first was called the Bureau for Policy Coordination (OPC). Its first director was Frank G. Wisner [20 ]. This character was chosen by the Secretary of State, General George Marshall a list containing six names and it was written [21 ] by his advisor George F. Keenan, who maintained a close relationship with Allan Dulles.
Irving Brown, representing the AFL-CIO in Paris and Norris Chapman, diplomatic post in Paris were part of the list.
William Colby described that time as follows: "Overflowing with dynamism and intelligence, Wisner did not save their energy and in some months, with the help of his former colleagues in the OSS, he ran in the world, a new generation of "Templars", responsible for defending Western freedom against communist obscurantism and war .... "
the early fifties, General Walter B. Smith, newly appointed CIA director, did not agree that the Bureau remains in its jurisdiction only administratively. Smith wanted this is completely subordinate to his authority. Managed to get the merger with the Department of Planning Agency in August 1952. U.S. officials admitted at the time that the OPC had existed and claimed that the agency had just been dissolved. They could not say and recognize another thing, since the merger and the activities of the former OPC remained illegal.
General Smith had the support of Allan Dulles, former OSS chief and brother of Secretary of State John F. Dulles. Frank G.
Wisner did not get what she wanted, was able at least to be granted better conditions, for example, was granted a Psychological Warfare Center, which was installed at Fort Bragg under the command of Major General Robert A. McClure. The Psychological Warfare Center was later the name of Special Warfare School (1956-1968), to again change the name to the Institute for Military Assistence (1969-1983), since 1983 is called this center the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. Fort Bragg has become one of the most important military bases in the world. It is there that are stationed unidades especiales de «boinas verdes».
Según el informe Church, la red contaba ya en 1952 con tres mil colaboradores, con 47 sucursales en el extranjero y de un presupuesto anual de 200 millones de dólares. Wisner revindicaba y se jactaba siempre de las hazañas de sus servicios, cómo la creación de sindicatos no comunistas en Europa (1947-50), el derrocamiento del presidente iraní Mossadegh en 1953, el del presidente Jacobo Arbenz en Guatemala (1954). Operaciones menos exitosas fueron llevadas en Albania, en Ucrania, en Polonia y en Corea [ 22 ]. Los tentáculos de la OPC se movían igualmente fuera de Europa.
En 1958, Richard M. Bissell remplazó a Frank G. Wisner. After Richard M. Helms, Desmond Frizgerald, Thomas H. William E. et Karamessines Colby.
Since 1968, the Liaison Committee (CCUO-CPC-ACC) has been strengthened with a new 'joint' full of the most obscure ways, thanks to an annual meeting of European secret service contacts: the Club of Berne .
In March 1973, the device was newly renovated and the Department took the current name of Operations Management. It was directed by William Nelson, by William Wells, John N. McMahon, Max C. Hugel, John H. Stein, Clair E. George, Richard F. Stolz. It was during this period that the stay-behind activities were reinforced in America America. Service coordination Argentines, Bolivians, Chileans, etc., Was created in those places to terrorize and kill the leaders of the opposition. This coordination was supported by the stay-behind English, French, Portuguese, etc. For spying and murder those who ran away from Europe. Was such as Operation Condor, whose operational direction was entrusted to Klaus Barbie, a Nazi refuge in Bolivia. American military leaders of the stay-behind was formed in the U.S., the infamous School of Ameera (School of Americas) at Fort Bragg (Georgia). Since 2001 this school is called the Western Hemispheric Institute for Security Cooperation (WHISC) by the same teachers from Fort Bragg. The School of the Americas was heavily criticized after they published their internal training manual, where it was shown that courses were taught torture.
At the same time operating these networks, the stay-behind created an international political-military organization, the lodge Propaganda Due (P2), regularly affiliated with the Grand Orient of Italy. She served as a tool to convey political warfare and special operations.
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- Left: Lucio Gelli pattern P-2 lodge. Right: the emblem of the Gladio group.
Licio Gelli, the grand master P2 was the fascist official liaison between the X2 of the OSS and the Decima Mas fascist grouping of Prince Valerio Borghese when the stay-behind training was ongoing in Italy. His lodge met thousands of political personalities in the armed forces of finance, of the Church and the world of arts, of which 923 were Italian. Gelli became the central character Atlantic device to the point of being a special guest at the inauguration ceremonies of U.S. Presidents Bush (father), Carter and Reagan. The P2 was the bridge between the stay-behind agents and other groups in the device. It was disbanded and its members had to face justice in different courts both for his involvement in the attempted coup d'etat that for his role in the bankruptcy of Banco Ambrosiano. Only lists of Italian and Argentine members of the lodge were published.
According to our information, the P2 has been reconstituted again under the cover of an NGO (Non Governmental Organization) Swiss collaboration between the cities of the world. This association has in the United Nations consultative status as the major NGOs Greenpeace and Amnesty International. Licio Gelli's son is president and participated in the last general meeting of the UN.
In 1986, Gladio weapons hidden in containers and were scattered throughout Europe were replaced. The network was equipped with a new material coded transmission, the most sophisticated, the Harpoon. These acquisitions were billed by the Americans for each Member State.
In 1990, broke out in Italy the Gladio scandal. Officially, the stay-behind was dissolved in Europe. In fact, they continued and continue to function without changing at all. First under the direction of Thomas A. Twetten and David Cohen. Currently, the "Master Plan" of the Pentagon provides short-term to separate the activities of political warfare, economic and psychological situation of special operations. So that the military and militants would no longer be stationed commando operations pending but could act massively in special warfare. During peacetime, everything is under control of the Department of State U.S. It appears however, that this restructuring will be difficult to implement.
Among other things, has created a new type of training, called Civil Affairs. These courses are given at Fort Bragg and are intended to prepare a skilled, qualified to administer the occupied territories, in the framework of missions for peacekeeping and maximize U.S. influence [ 23].
On November 12, 1990, when Italy was in full Gladio scandal, the minister French Defence, Jean Pierre Chevenement, recognized that Gladio had existed in France. Talking 'without saying anything, "said the French Gladio was always a phase dormant, without having been activated and interfere in the internal politics of the country. Shortly after this statement, the French president at the time, Francois Mitterrant said he had ordered General Jean Heinrich [24 ] to dissolve these networks asleep while acting head of the DGSE (General Directorate of Security State, the French secret services).
The stay behind in the world
The existence of the stay-behind was officially recognized in Germany, Austria (red Schwert), Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France (Wind Rose), Greece (red fleece), Italy (Gladio) in Luxembourg, Norway, Holland, Portugal, United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey.
No investigation was carried out within the institutions of the European Union, despite the large amount of information and the numbers indicate that leave to think that a stay-behind gear essential controls pan-European unity.
can call and attributing many coups in the world, some successful, others failed. Apart the events of 1958 and 1961 in France, the plots of Sogno and Borghese in Italy, the coup of the colonels in Greece, he tried against Makarios in Cyprus [25 ].
These major operations should add those of political destabilization and assassination as the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme.
 | Thierry Meyssan Intellectual French, president and founder of the Red Voltaire and the Axis for Peace conference. His foreign policy analysis published in the press Arabic, Latin and Russian. Last work published in English: the Big Lie. Manipulation and misinformation in the media (Monte Avila Editores, 2008). The articles of this author  Send a message  |
[ 1 ] Relazione sulla vicenda " Gladio "presentatat dal Consiglio dei Ministri President (Andreotti) communicat alla il 26 febbraio 1991 Presidenza , Senato della Repubblica, X Legislative Doc XXVII, No. 6.
[ 2] Report of the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission was responsible for elucidating the events that occurred largely in the federal military department, 1990.
[ 3 ] Report of the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission on the existence in Belgium of an international clandestine spy network. Senate. October 1, 1991, No. 1117-4.
[4 ] Gladio, under the direction of J. Willems, editions EPO., 1991; Gladio, Das Erbe des Kalten Kriesges , A. Müller, 1991; The case Gladio, secret networks of terrorism American Heart Europe, Jean-François Brozzu-Gentile, Albin Michel, 1994. See also the remarkable documentary Francovitch Allan, Gladio, which carry the game , Observer Film Company, 1992.
[5 ] U.S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , Final Report, 94 th Cong., 2d Sess., 1976. Extracts from the Church report was published in French in Les Plots of the CIA, manipulation and murder , Stock, 1976. Not take into account the passages relating to Gladio in books I and IV of the report.
[ 6 ] Honorable Men in my Life the CIA translated into French under the title 30 years of CIA, William Colby, Presses de la Renaissance, 1978.
[ 7 ] U.S. Special Warfare: its origins, Alfred H. Paddock, National Defence University Press, 1982.
[ 8 ] The Belarus Secret, 1982. French version: Horrible Secret, when the Americans were recruiting Nazi spies. Gehl à Klaus Barbie. John Loftus, Plon, 1985.
[ 9 ] Il party coup. Le strategie della tensione e dal terror cousin organic centrosinistra the Moro sequestro , Gianni Flamini, Italo Bovolenta, 4 vol. 1981 to 1984.
[10 ] Political Warfare and Psychological Operations, U.S. Rethinking the Approach , U.S. National Strategy Information Center, National Defence University Press, 1989.
[ 11 ] OSS. The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency , Tom Brower, University of California Press, 1972.
[ 12 ] The Gehlen Organization, Richard Gehlen, Presses de la Cité et Fayard, 1972. A shorter version was published by Editions Saint Clair in 1975. This version was performed by a member of the stay-behind, the Holocaust denier David Irving.
[ 13 ] Breaking the Atlantic Charter, the OSS came into contact with the officers of the Third Reich and the Partnership to negotiate a separate peace and surrender USA-Germany at the same time an alliance against the USSR. It was this way of turning the cynical logic of Soviet pact Germany. Most of these contacts took place in Bern, others in the Iberian Peninsula. Between 1942-43, Allen Dulles in Switzerland received visits André Bettencourt, Pierre et Francois Bénouville Guilhain Mitterant.
[ 14 ] Future pope under the name Paul VI.
[ 15] A large mass was held in the French city of Chartres on the occasion of 50 anniversary of the death of Father Franz Stock. The ceremony was attended by Chancellor Helmut Kohler of West Germany and the French Senate President René Maunory. For this event the Chancellor Kohl published in the prestigious Paris daily Le Monde a note dated February 25, 1998, the note in a tribute to the priest Stock, precursor of European reconciliation. A process of beatification has been started in Rome.
[ 16 ] Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950 Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Governement Printing Office, 1996.
[ 18] The "parent founders' are the Puritans exiled by the British Crown who came to North America in search of a 'promised land'. The New World "discovered" by Christopher Columbus.
[ 19] The ultramontanes are Catholics who defend the policy of the Pope and against the interests of the local Catholic Churches.
[ 20] Frank G. Wisner led the stay-behind since its inception in 1958. Became an alcoholic and had committed suicide in 1965.
[ 21] Memorandum dated June 30, 1948 in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950 Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Governement Printing Office, 1996.
[ 22] On these operations, cf. The Use of Covert Paramilitary Activity as a Policy Tool: An Analysis of Operations Conducted by the U.S. CIA, 1949-1951 , Major DH Berger, U.S. Marine Corps Command issues.
[ 23 ] The civil-military actions. Emergency to development: what are the instruments for France? Report No. 3167, presented by Robert Gaia on June 20, 2001, National Assembly Defense Committee. «Ce rapport cite in Beispiel pour la France of the doctrine américaine Coherence."
[ 24] In 1998, General Jean Heinrich rejected his fifth star and resigned from the 5th Army. Now directs the security company Geos which employs many former soldiers of the regiment of Shock 11.
[ 25 ] The Cyprus Conspiracy. America, and the Turkish Invasion Espionnage , Brendan O'Malley and Ian Craig, Tauris & Co ed., 2001.
